Strengthening Europe’s Nuclear Presence
President Emmanuel Macron is set to detail plans for France to expand its nuclear deterrence role within Europe. Speaking from the Île Longue peninsula, home to the country’s four nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, Macron will stress that France’s efforts complement, rather than compete with, the US nuclear umbrella. This will be his first major speech on the topic since 2020, when he first proposed involving European partners in exercises — a suggestion that initially went largely unnoticed.
Rising Concerns Across the Continent
Interest in France’s nuclear capabilities has grown amid shifting global tensions. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine exposed vulnerabilities in European defense, while recent US policies, including threats to use force against Denmark over Greenland and plans to redeploy troops to the Indo-Pacific, have raised doubts about Washington’s commitment to Europe. France has engaged in strategic talks with German Chancellor Friedrich Merz and other EU leaders to explore how national nuclear doctrines could be coordinated. Officials note that European partners are increasingly interested in a stronger French role, though the approach is intended to support NATO, not replace it.
Focus on Deterrence, Not Escalation
France maintains a policy of “strict sufficiency,” keeping roughly 300 nuclear warheads — far fewer than the US or Russia — designed solely to inflict unacceptable damage if needed. French officials emphasize that the country is not seeking an arms race but aims to provide credible deterrence. Cooperation with the UK has also deepened through the Northwood Declaration, establishing a Nuclear Steering Group and joint exercises to coordinate Franco-British nuclear strategy in Europe.
